St. John's Walking Tour

George's Pond, located on Signal Hill in St. John's, Newfoundland, played a significant role during World War II. On April 1, 1941, an area on the north side of the pond was designated for an air defence battery, equipped with four 3-inch anti-aircraft guns[1]. This strategic placement was part of the broader defence system established by the United States to protect St. John's Harbour from potential air threats.

The establishment of this battery was a direct response to the increased need for coastal and air defence during the war. American forces garrisoned Signal Hill, excluding Cabot Tower and George's Pond, to ensure the security of the area[1]. The presence of these military installations underscored the importance of Signal Hill as a defensive stronghold.

Physical evidence of these military activities can still be seen in the form of trails and former military sites around Signal Hill. The Burma Road trail, built by American servicemen, remains a testament to their presence and efforts during the war[2]. The strategic location of George's Pond allowed for effective surveillance and response to potential threats, highlighting its significance in the region's military history.

Cabot Tower, situated on Signal Hill in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, is renowned for its association with a pivotal moment in communication history. On December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi successfully received the first transatlantic wireless message near the tower. This groundbreaking event involved the transmission of the letter "S" in Morse code from Poldhu, Cornwall, in the United Kingdom[1][2].

The significance of this achievement cannot be overstated. It marked a major breakthrough in wireless communication, demonstrating the feasibility of transmitting signals across vast distances. Marconi's team had been working tirelessly to perfect the technology, and this success paved the way for modern radio communication[1].

The event was closely tied to Cabot Tower, which was built between 1897 and 1900 to commemorate both John Cabot's voyage and Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee[2]. Although the message was received in a nearby building that no longer exists, the tower's proximity to the site underscores its connection to this historic moment[2].

The impact of Marconi's achievement was immediate and profound. It opened up new possibilities for global communication, transforming how people and nations interacted. This innovation had far-reaching effects on international relations, commerce, and technology development[1].

Queen's Battery, located on Signal Hill in St. John's, Newfoundland, was a strategic fortification constructed between 1796 and 1812 to protect the harbour from naval threats[1]. Initially intended for nine heavy guns, it played a crucial role in defending the narrows, the only entrance to St. John's harbour[1].

During the 1830s, Queen's Battery underwent significant renovations, including the construction of new barracks to accommodate the Royal Artillery and their families[2]. This period also saw the fortification of Signal Hill during the American Civil War, reflecting British concerns about potential conflict expansion into British North America[2]. Despite these preparations, the threat never materialized, marking the last major defensive mobilization in the region during the 19th century[2].

The battery's strategic importance diminished over time, but it remains a testament to the historical defensive efforts in the area. Today, remnants of these fortifications serve as historical landmarks, highlighting the military significance of Signal Hill in the past[2].

The Johnson Geo Centre, located on Signal Hill in St. John's, Newfoundland, is a geological interpretation centre that opened in 2002. It is notable for its unique design, which incorporates a significant portion of the structure underground within an excavated glacial formation. This design choice was made to expose the natural rock formations of Signal Hill, providing visitors with an immersive geological experience[1].

The centre was funded by the Johnson Family Foundation at a cost of $11 million. The construction involved removing peat overburden to reveal the bedrock, which is now a central feature of the centre. The building also features a glass-encased structure and utilizes a geothermal heating and cooling system, which was implemented to reduce environmental impact[2].

The decision to build the centre on Signal Hill was pivotal, as it allowed the integration of the site's natural geological features into the design. This not only enhanced the educational experience but also provided a sustainable approach to energy management through the use of six geothermal wells drilled to a depth of 500 feet[3].

The centre offers a range of exhibits, including interactive displays and 3D movies, which explore themes such as continental drift, glaciation, and local geological history. The adjacent Johnson GEO-VISTA Park further complements the centre by showcasing historical uses of stone in the region.

The construction of the Johnson Geo Centre presented several challenges, including the excavation of the glacial formation. However, the outcome was a unique blend of natural and built environments, offering both educational and aesthetic value to visitors.

Terry Fox Mile Zero Memorial in St. John's, Newfoundland, marks the starting point of Terry Fox's iconic "Marathon of Hope." On April 12, 1980, Fox began his cross-Canada run here, aiming to raise money for cancer research after losing his right leg to the disease. Despite the challenges, Fox ran an impressive 5,373 kilometers over 143 days before his cancer returned, forcing him to stop near Thunder Bay, Ontario[1].

The memorial serves as a reminder of Fox's determination and the profound impact his journey had on Canadians. It is also a significant part of the Trans-Canada Highway's beginning, known as Mile 0. The location has become a symbol of courage and resilience, inspiring numerous fundraising efforts in Fox's name[2].

Physical evidence of Fox's journey includes commemorative plaques and monuments across Canada, such as the one at Mile 0 in St. John's. These markers highlight the enduring legacy of Fox's run and its contribution to cancer research[3].

Fort William, located in St. John's, Newfoundland, was the original headquarters of the British garrison in Newfoundland, established in 1697[1]. One pivotal event in its history was the siege by French forces under Daniel d'Auger de Subercase in 1705. During Queen Anne's War, Subercase aimed to capture the fort but was thwarted by the English defenses[2]. Despite failing to take Fort William, the French occupied St. John's, destroying much of the town and taking prisoners[2].

The siege highlighted the strategic importance of Fort William as a defensive stronghold. However, its vulnerability to land attacks led to its capture by the French in 1709 under Joseph de Monbeton de Brouillan de Saint-Ovide[1][3]. The British rebuilt the fort but eventually shifted their focus to more defensible locations like Fort Townshend[1].

Today, Fort William is marked by a plaque at Cavendish Square and Duckworth Street, serving as a reminder of its historical significance[1]. The site's designation as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1952 underscores its role in the colonial conflicts between England and France[1].

Government House in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, is a significant historical landmark that served as the official residence of the governor of Newfoundland until the province joined Canada in 1949. The current structure was constructed between 1827 and 1831 under the direction of Sir Thomas Cochrane, who envisioned a building that would reflect the elevated status of Newfoundland as a British colony[1][2].

The construction of Government House was part of a broader administrative initiative following the royal charter of 1825, which granted Newfoundland official colonial status[3]. Cochrane's original plans were ambitious, inspired by Admiralty House in Plymouth, but faced resistance due to high costs. Despite initial estimates of £8,778, the final cost escalated to £38,175, prompting a court of inquiry[3].

The building's design in Palladian style, featuring a center block flanked by wings, was chosen to emphasize ceremonial spaces such as a salon, dining room, and ballroom[1][2]. These spaces were designed for grand receptions and formal processions, reflecting the colony's importance within the British Empire.

The transition of Government House to the lieutenant-governor's residence after Confederation marked a significant shift in its role, adapting to the new political landscape of Newfoundland and Labrador[2].

The Colonial Building in St. John's, Newfoundland, played a pivotal role in the province's decision to join Canada. Between 1946 and 1948, the National Convention was held within its walls, where delegates debated Newfoundland's constitutional future[1][2]. This convention was crucial as it led to two referendums in 1948, in which the majority of voters chose to become Canada's tenth province[1][2].

The decision to hold the National Convention at the Colonial Building was strategic, given its historical significance as the seat of the Newfoundland government. The building's neoclassical architecture, with its imposing facade and grand interior, provided a dignified backdrop for these momentous discussions[1][2].

The outcome of the referendums was decisive, with 52.3% voting in favor of confederation in the second referendum[3]. On March 31, 1949, Newfoundland officially became part of Canada, marking a new era for the province[3]. The Colonial Building remained the seat of the provincial legislature until 1959, when it moved to the Confederation Building[1][2].

Bannerman Park, located in St. John's, Newfoundland, is a historic urban park named after Sir Alexander Bannerman, who served as the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland from 1857 to 1864. On July 8, 1892, a small fire broke out in a stable on Freshwater Road, quickly spreading due to dry conditions and eventually destroying nearly two-thirds of St. John's[1]. The fire left approximately 12,000 people homeless, with many seeking refuge in areas surrounding Bannerman Park[1].

In the aftermath, Bannerman Park was used as a temporary housing site for displaced citizens, similar to its use after the Great Fire of 1846[2][1]. The park's role in providing shelter during these crises highlights its importance as a community space during times of need.

The Great Fire of 1892 had a profound impact on the city, leading to significant rebuilding efforts and changes in fire safety regulations. Bannerman Park's use as a refuge during this period underscores its role as a vital community resource in times of disaster.

The Basilica of St. John the Baptist in St. John's, Newfoundland, is a testament to resilience and architectural excellence. Built between 1839 and 1855, it was the largest church building in North America at the time and remains a significant landmark in Canada[1][2]. One of its most notable feats was surviving the Great Fire of 1892, which ravaged much of St. John's. This fire, occurring on July 8, 1892, destroyed nearly 2,000 buildings, leaving thousands homeless[1].

The Basilica's survival was not just a matter of luck; its construction played a crucial role. Made from limestone and granite imported from Ireland, along with local materials, the building's robust structure helped it withstand the inferno[2]. This event highlights the importance of the Basilica as a historical and cultural icon in St. John's, serving as a symbol of hope and continuity for the community.

The fire led to significant rebuilding efforts in St. John's, with the Basilica standing as a central point for community gathering and worship. Its endurance has made it a cherished part of Newfoundland's heritage, recognized as a National Historic Site of Canada[1][2].

The Rooms, located in St. John's, Newfoundland, is a cultural center that opened in 2005. It combines the Provincial Museum, Provincial Archives, and Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador under one roof, creating a hub for the province's cultural and historical artifacts[1][2]. The decision to merge these institutions was a key moment in preserving and showcasing the region's rich history and art.

The building's design, featuring three peaked red roofs, is inspired by the traditional "fishing rooms" found in Newfoundland's fishing villages. This architectural choice reflects the region's strong fishing heritage and serves as a visual landmark in St. John's[2].

Inside, The Rooms offers a diverse range of exhibits, including permanent displays on the province's natural and cultural history, as well as temporary art exhibitions. The art gallery, spanning 10,000 square feet, hosts an average of 15 exhibitions annually, showcasing a wide range of art forms[2].

The Rooms also houses significant archival collections, including personal papers from soldiers of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment and records from the International Grenfell Association, which played a crucial role in providing healthcare and education to coastal communities[3]. These collections provide valuable insights into the region's history and the lives of its people.

The LSPU Hall, located at 3 Victoria Street in St. John's, Newfoundland, has a rich history dating back to 1789 when it was the site of the first Congregationalist Church in Newfoundland. This church was destroyed by the Great Fire of 1817, leading to the construction of a meeting hall, which was later purchased by the Sons of Temperance in 1853.[1][2] The building was rebuilt after the Great Fire of 1892 and then sold to the Longshoremen's Protective Union in 1912.[2][3]

In 1922, another fire damaged the building, but it was rebuilt once again. The hall served as a venue for both union meetings and community activities like bingo and speeches.[1][2] The Resource Centre for the Arts (RCA) leased the building in 1975 and purchased it in 1976, transforming it into a vibrant arts center.[1][2] The RCA's efforts led to significant renovations, including those in 1984 and 2008, which preserved the building's historical features while enhancing its role in the community.[1][2]

Today, the LSPU Hall remains a crucial part of St. John's cultural scene, hosting numerous performances and exhibitions. Its exterior, largely unchanged since 1922, includes remnants of the original stone foundation from the Congregationalist Church.[1][3] The building's transformation reflects the community's commitment to preserving historical sites while fostering artistic growth.

Harbourside Park in St. John's, Newfoundland, is a significant historical site, primarily due to its connection with Sir Humphrey Gilbert's proclamation in 1583. This event marked the British claim on Newfoundland, reshaping the region's history. Gilbert's proclamation was met with skepticism by French, Spanish, and Portuguese fishermen present in the port at the time. Despite this, it laid the foundation for British influence in the area[1].

The park itself was constructed opposite the National War Memorial to commemorate this event. It features an amphitheater design and includes two bronze statues of a Newfoundland dog and a Labrador Retriever, symbolizing the region's maritime heritage[2].

Gilbert's subsequent misfortune, where he ran his ship aground and perished, seemed to confirm early doubts about his endeavors. However, his proclamation had already set in motion a chain of events that would forever change Newfoundland's history[3].

Today, Harbourside Park serves as a cherished gathering place for locals and visitors, offering a unique vantage point to observe the harbor's maritime activity.

The Commercial Cable Company Building, located at 95 Water Street in St. John's, Newfoundland, is a significant historical landmark. Constructed in 1915 for the Commercial Cable Company, it was designed by architect William F. Butler in the Classical Revival style[1][2]. The building's fireproof design, featuring concrete, stone, steel, and brick, was a crucial feature given the history of fires in downtown St. John's[1][2].

In 1961, the Commercial Cable Company ceased operations due to declining demand for telegraph services. The building was then sold to John C. Doyle, an American businessman who played a pivotal role in developing Labrador's iron ore resources[1][2]. Doyle renamed the building Javelin House, after one of his companies, marking a significant shift in its use[3].

Following Doyle's ownership, the Christian Brothers acquired the building and converted it into a trade school for individuals who had not completed high school. This transformation highlighted the building's adaptability and its role in supporting educational initiatives in the community[1][2]. The building's architectural features, including its paired pilasters and ionic capitals, remain a testament to its historical and architectural significance[1][2].

The Fortis Building, located in downtown St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, is a 12-story high-rise that has been a part of the city's skyline since its construction. In January 2010, Fortis Properties proposed a significant development project that included retrofitting the existing building and constructing a new 15-storey building adjacent to it. The plan involved removing four existing buildings on Water Street and Harbour Drive to make way for the new structure, along with additional parking spaces and a pedestrian walkway[1].

The proposal sparked controversy among city council members, heritage advocates, and the public. Critics argued that the new building would disrupt the historic character of downtown St. John's and violate the area's height restrictions. After two months of debate, Fortis Properties withdrew their application, citing a lack of support from the city council[2].

The withdrawal of the proposal was met with mixed reactions. Some argued that the city's strict height limits were unreasonable and hindered business development, while others saw it as a victory for preserving the city's heritage[2]. Following this, Fortis Properties shifted their focus to constructing a new 12-story building at a different location on the west end of Water Street, while still planning to retrofit the existing Fortis Building to achieve LEED Silver Certification[2].

The St. John's harbourfront has been a focal point of both economic activity and community life for centuries. In 2013, a temporary fence was installed along the harbour, which was later replaced with a permanent black metal fence in 2015[1]. This fence has been a subject of controversy, as it restricts public access to the waterfront, an area once lined with finger piers and bustling with local fishermen and international fleets[1]. The fence blocks about fifty percent of the harbour, limiting the potential for economic development and public enjoyment of the area[1]. Despite calls for a balance between security and public access, the St. John's Port Authority has not planned to remove or reconfigure the fence[1]. The issue highlights the challenges of maintaining a working harbour while preserving its cultural and aesthetic appeal to the community.

The fence's installation reflects broader discussions about the role of ports in urban environments. While ports like St. John's are crucial for trade and industry, they also impact local communities and ecosystems. The debate over the fence underscores the need for collaborative decision-making between port authorities and local stakeholders to ensure that security measures do not come at the expense of community engagement and economic vitality[1].

St. John's Court House, located in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, has a rich history marked by resilience and transformation. The first building on the site opened in September 1730 as a combined courthouse and jail[1][2]. Over the years, the courthouse faced significant challenges, including the construction of a larger facility in 1831 that burned down in the 1840s[1][2].

A pivotal event in the courthouse's history was the Great Fire of 1892, which destroyed the third courthouse built starting in 1847[1][2]. This disaster necessitated the use of temporary facilities, including the Colonial Building and a wooden courthouse that later became the Star of the Sea Hall[1][2]. The cornerstone for the current building was laid by the Duke of York (later King George V) on October 24, 1901[1][2].

The current Romanesque Revival-style courthouse, constructed between 1901 and 1904, is a testament to the community's determination to rebuild and create a lasting symbol of justice. Designed by either William Tuff Whiteway or William H. Greene, the building features impressive stonework and architectural details, reflecting its importance as a legal and governmental hub[1][2]. It housed various government offices until the completion of the Confederation Building in 1960[1][2].

Today, the St. John's Court House remains a significant landmark, designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1981[1]. Its enduring presence is a reminder of the community's ability to overcome adversity and create lasting institutions.

Apothecary Hall, located at 488 Water Street in St. John's, Newfoundland, is a significant historical site that houses the Newfoundland & Labrador Pharmacy Museum. The building was constructed in 1922 by M. & E. Kennedy Contractors and was originally owned by Peter O'Mara, who used it as a drugstore and residence[3].

In 1988, the Apothecary Hall Trust developed the museum, which was largely driven by the efforts of late pharmacist James J. O'Mara[1]. The museum showcases a collection of historical pharmacy artifacts, including antique bottles, mortars, and scales, highlighting the evolution of pharmacy practices in Newfoundland and Labrador[1][3].

The building itself is notable for its Art Deco and Art Nouveau architectural styles, featuring original maple flooring and tin-pressed ceilings[1]. Its restoration was recognized with the Southcott Award for heritage restoration, underscoring the community's commitment to preserving historical sites[3].

The establishment of the museum marked a pivotal moment in preserving the history of pharmacy in the region. It not only honors the contributions of pharmacists like James J. O'Mara but also provides a tangible link to the past for visitors[1][3].

The Railway Coastal Museum, located at 495 Water Street in St. John's, Newfoundland, is housed in the restored Riverhead Train Station, which was completed in 1903. This building was originally constructed with granite from a local quarry and was designed to reflect the style of other railway stations in Canada at the time[1][2]. The Reid Family played a crucial role in the relocation of the St. John's train station to the west end, resulting in the creation of this iconic building[1][3].

The museum's history is deeply intertwined with the restoration efforts led by the Johnson Family Foundation, supported by the City of St. John's and the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA)[1][2]. This restoration not only preserved a piece of architectural history but also highlighted the importance of the Newfoundland Railway and Coastal Boat Services in overcoming the island's isolation[2][3].

Today, the museum showcases a vast collection of exhibits, including 42 pictorial themed exhibits, a 1940s passenger train diorama, and numerous models and murals[3]. These displays serve as physical evidence of the region's rich transportation history and the pivotal role the railway and coastal services played in connecting communities across Newfoundland[3][2].